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Political and social commentary on global events and the exploration of feminism, gender, relationships, and sexuality within Islam and Judaism.

Liddet ~ Ethiopian Christmas

Melkam Yelidet Beaal. Today Christians all over the world are celebrating Christmas. Although as an Orthodox Jew I do not celebrate Christmas, I am supremely aware of this holiday as I live in a predominantly Christian nation.

Outside the streets are empty and quiet on this overcast winter day, because in America at least, in an atavistic gesture, all commerce grinds to a halt as corporations and government allow workers to have a respite.

My Ethiopia by Wosene Kosrof

As I have mentioned in a previous post, the unique thing about Ethiopian traditions and calendar observances, is how closely aligned they are with Judaism. Although there is no direct correlation between a Jewish festival and the January 7, 2010 date when the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition among others (i.e. Russian, Serb, and Ukrainian Orthodox Christians) celebrate Christmas, I did find a unique minor holiday that reinforced the shared history.

On Gizret (Circumcision), which is observed on 15 January, observant Ethiopians commemorate the circumcision of Jesus eight days after his birth. Since Jesus was a Jew, it is logical that he would have been circumcised as prescribed eight days after his birth.  In Hebrew, a circumcision is called “Brit Milah” and literally means “Covenant of Circumcision”. It is the sign to indicate the eternal covenant that G-d established with Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 17). It was then reiterated through Moses at Mount Sinai about 500 years later: “And on the 8th day he shall have his foreskin circumcised” (Leviticus 12:3).

Lalibela © Dan Gerding

In Kabbalah, not the pseudo form practiced by Madonna and other celebrities, it is believed that seven days represent the physical world of creation. Thus, when a child has lived for eight days, he has transcended the physical to the metaphysical. The covenant joining body and soul, physical and spiritual, can now take place, which means that a Brit Milah has no meaning when performed before the eighth day.

This tradition has remained in force, in the face of opposition by its critiques who claim that it is “barbaric,” because observant Jews, Muslims and Christians believe that when G-d chose Abram to be the founder of the chosen nation, He commanded him to circumcise himself. Afterward, G-d changed his name to Abraham, and commanded that every Jewish father has his son circumcised on the eight day after his baby is born.

As in Judaism and Islam, Ethiopian Christians not only observe the practice of circumcision, but also commemorate the act with a festival.  Although Gizret is a minor festival, Liddet and other festivals are proceeded by fasting in the days leading up to the holiday. In advent (Sibket, in Amharic) a fast is kept, and then for Christmas (also called Liddet, Gena and Qiddus Bale Wold) a fast of 40 days ending on Christmas eve with the Feast of Gena is observed.

In Judaism, fast are observed from dawn which begins at sundown and concludes at sunset the following day. During this time we may not eat, drink, bathe, annoint ourselves or engage in marital relations. On Yom Kippur wearing leather shoes is also prohibited. Muslims and Ethiopian Christians fast up to 40 days.

This is difficult concept for the average person, however, in the Ethiopian Christian tradition, “fasting is not only prayer and abstinence from eating meat and meat products neither is it only to abstain until Noon or 3 PM. When they fast they refrain from all wrongdoings, and evil things such as vanity, violence, jealousy, hatred, and all works of Satan.

Charity is recommended, alms given to the poor and the needy, and gifts brought to the church, without these charities fasting could not be complete. It is strictly observed by all baptized members of the church, although some young people today do not take fasting seriously. It is essential spiritually to help them navigate the difficulties of modern life.” Source: Ethiopian Orthodox Church

For Muslims, “fasting is one of the Five Pillars of the religion of Islam and one of the highest forms of Islamic worship. Abstinence from food and drink, sexual intercourse and masturbation is required. Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan (or Ramazan) from the moment when it first starts to get light until sunset and it is observed for a period of 30 days.

Each evening they break the fast, usually with dates, and then eat dinner. At the end of the month of Ramadan a day of celebration is observed that is called Eid-ul-Fitr. On this day, Muslims gather in one place to offer a prayer of thanks. It is traditional to wear new clothes, visit friends and relatives, exchange gifts, eat delicious dishes prepared for this occasion, and wait patiently for the next year.” Source: The Religion of Islam

Traditional Ethiopian Cuisine

No matter your religious persuasion or level of observance, all three faiths celebrate G-d, community and family.  It is a time of sharing good food, good friends and good times.  From me and my family to all of yours, may 2010 find you in better health, prosperity and happiness.

For my readers interested in converting Gregorian calendar dates into their Hebrew equivalent check out Hebcal.com.

For my readers interested in converting Gregorian calendar dates into Ethiopian calendar dates, check out Mtesfaye.net. Click here for a list of Ethiopian Public Holidays.

For my readers interested in converting Gregorian calendar dates into their Hijri calendar equivalent, also check out Hijri Calendar Converter.

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Happy Hanukkah

Warm wishes for happiness, love and peace on Hanukkah and always.

Happy Chanukkah

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L’Shanah Tovah

I pray and wish for all a Healthy, Happy, Sweet New Year. May we all be inscribed in the book of life & prosperity. Let it be the almighty who guides us with love and true happiness from within ourselves.

Shana Tova

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Ramadan 2009

Nigeria's National Mosque in Abuja

Nigeria's National Mosque in Abuja

As Ramadan comes to a close, I would like to start off this piece by saying Eid Mubarak to all of my Muslim friends and to my father who lives in Zimbabwe.  I referenced the picture above because when we first moved to Africa, we lived in Nigeria.  Just like Malcolm X, one of the great leaders of the American Civil Rights Movement, once we left America and the Nation of Islam, my father recognized the fallacy of that cult, and embraced Islam as practiced by Sunni Muslims of Nigeria.  Later, when he moved to Zaria, he adopted the more fundamentalist Islamic practices and beliefs, including Shariah Law. It was also at this time that he made his pilgrimage to Mecca to say Hadjj, which fulfills one of the Five Pillars of Islam.  But that is another story.

This past weekend, I took my son to get his hair cut at Cartoon Cuts.  Zakia, his stylist, is a wonderfully warm person, and I love how she cuts my son’s hair. She sometimes wears a Hamsa pendant on her necklace, and since I also wear a Hamsa from time to time, I thought that she might be a Jewish woman of either Moroccan or Syrian descent. Ever curious and passionate about learning, I often research esoteric minutiae that catches my attention during my worldly peregrinations.  One such pursuit, is to research the meanings of the names of the individuals with whom I interact on a regular basis.

Since it is impolite to inquire about an individual’s faith outside of the appropriate context, I satisfied my curiosity about her by Googling her name.  It was quite interesting to discover that Zakia in Swahili means intelligent.  When we lived in Tanzania, we spoke English and Swahili, and a combination of both “Sheng” – at home. Therefore, I knew that though the name may have its origins in the Arabic influences found in Swahili, she was definitely of Middle Eastern descent and clearly not East African.

My belief that Zakia was Jewish was further reinforced by my discovery that her name in Hebrew means G-d’s Purity. So, my ears perked up when in response to an inquiry from the owner of the salon, Zakia explained that she would not be available from Thursday, September 17th through Sunday, September 20th because of her religious holiday.

Rosh HaShanah (ראש השנה), the Jewish New Year, begins this year (2009), on the Gregorian calendar at sundown on Friday, September 18th and ends at nightfall on Sunday, September 20th; therefore, I thought she could only be speaking of this holiday. Rosh Hashanah falls in the month of Tishrei, which is the seventh month on the Hebrew calendar. The reason for this is because the Hebrew calendar begins with the month of Nissan (when it’s believed the Jews were freed from slavery in Egypt) but the month of Tishrei is also believed to be the month in which G-d created the world.

Jewish tradition teaches that during the High Holy Days G-d decides who will live and who will die during the coming year. As a result, during Rosh HaShanah and Yom Kippur (and in the days leading up to them) Jews embark upon the serious task of examining their lives and repenting for any wrongs they have committed during the previous year.

This process of repentance is called teshuvah. Jews are encouraged to make amends with anyone they have wronged and to make plans for improving during the coming year. In this way, Rosh HaShanah is all about making peace in the community and striving to be a better person. It was with this frame of mind, that I asked if she would be going to services this weekend.  She replied that she would be going to the Mosque dependent upon the time of the arrival of the new moon.

I was once again impressed by the similarities of all three of the Abrahamic religions.  Friday, September 19th marks the end of the Hebrew month of Elul and the beginning of the next month, Rosh Chodesh, for the month of Tishrei. When she mentioned that the date and time for going to the Mosque was dependent upon the determination of the exact time of the new moon, I realized that she was not referring to the beginning of a holiday of repentance, prayer and fasting, but to the end of Ramadan, which started on Friday, the August 21st and continued for thirty (30) days until Saturday, September 19th.

The Islamic calendar mirrors the Hebrew calendar in that its holidays begin on the sunset of the previous day.  Although Ramadan is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year, since the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar and the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar. This difference means Ramadan moves in the Gregorian calendar approximately 11 days every year. The date of Ramadan may also vary from country to country depending on whether the moon has been sighted or not.

I am so fortunate to have experienced both Islam and Judaism as an adherent.  Because of my personal experience I can greatly appreciate the best of both faiths.  My experiences inform my interaction with all the People of the Book without the weight of judgment founded upon ignorance.  This is why I have written both this post and the one on the Ethiopian calendar.  In a world full of Western views and symbolism, it is easy to forget that a great number of people in the world order their lives according to the lunar calendar, and it is this cyclical rhythm that undulates through more than a third of the world’s population.

To learn more about the Islamic calendar check out the Gregorian-Hijri link on my “Home Page”.


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Roasted Termites Anyone?

Two Rabbis by Basil Wynbergen

Two Rabbis by Basil Wynbergen

“Should you be allowed to convert, what food will you miss most?” asked the three Orthodox Rabbis who sat before me.

I was slightly taken aback and had to pause to think about my response.  In my post, The Olfactory Safari, I wrote about my mother’s cooking and the different foods and smells that I relished as a child.  Although I had not eaten goat since my return from Africa, one of my favorite food was Nyama Mbuzi. One friend of mine told me how, upon being asked what food she would most miss, she replied “shrimp”.  Her family made their living as shrimpers, and she said that she most missed eating these tiny crustaceans.

Like giving birth, each conversion is a unique experience, and those who have gone before are often courted as resources. The advice and insight provided by previous converts, helps to assuaged the fears of those waiting to be judged by a religious court, who would test and ultimately approve or disapprove their conversion.

But, at that moment as I sat in front of these religious men, with implacable expressions, the best response I could summon to their question, was that I would miss cheeseburgers.  I have never been a fan of cheeseburgers, because they have always made my stomach hurt. I don’t know if it was the beef, the combination of the meat with cheese, or that it was too rich and greasy. In any case, looking into the faces of these rabbis, the quickest response I could pluck from a head crammed full of potential questions and responses, was this iconic American sandwich. It is only now, as I have begun to mine the depths of my memories, that I recalled another food that I savored almost as much as goat.

I was first exposed to this exotic staple when we lived in Ile Ife, Nigeria.  My father was a professor of mathematics and physics at the University of Ile Ife, now known as Obafemi Awolowo University; and we attended a primary school in town. Late in the year, when snow blanketed most parts of America; in sub-Saharan Africa, the Harmattan winds would blow from north to south and carry with it, the red dust and sandy particles of the land it scrubbed clean in its wake. The impossibly dry winds, chafed parched brown skin, while grainy particulates tried to breach the lash cloaked barrier of eyes slit against its onslaught. Most days I walked to school, even though it was off of the University campus and nearly 2 miles away.  However, during the Harmattan season, my father would drive me to the school, where upon arrival, I would alight from his white Peugeot 505 colored rust by a fine coat of red dust.

Dressed in blue and white uniforms, I headed through the gates protecting the courtyard and assumed my place in line, facing a tall pole from which a slack green and white flag hung. During Harmattan season in order to mitigate exposure, roll call and the pledge were hastily recited in the administrative building that housed the Principal’s office. As we left that building to head over to our class, termites started to land on me in ever greater numbers. At first I was scared because I had never seen an insect swarm. They crawled down my shirt, into my socks, and rested on my braided head. The other students seemed oblivious to the crawling insects as we headed toward our respective bunks.

Once inside, it was harder still to concentrate because the winds accelerated, and began to howl and moan as it pushed and hugged the neighboring hills. The insects began to assault barely secured screened windows and doors, made their way into light fixtures where they tossed and turned until they met a most ignoble death. They seemed desperate to find refuge from the prevailing winds that had ripped apart their mounds. A phalanx of soldiers advanced before the queen, as she in her preeminent soft whiteness, was most vulnerable to the harsh elements.  Although I never learned Yoruba, I could tell that the other children were beginning to get excited. White teeth glistened behind well formed lips, deep and purple, pinkish red tongues darted out to moisten them. The children spoke rapidly, and some began to rustle in their chairs, even though the threat of corporal punishment with a flat paddle like instrument, loomed every present, and unlike in America, was often administered.

Finally, after several hours of lessons, during the heat of midday, someone in the courtyard pulled the rope attached to a bell and chain to announce with a ring and a dong, that we were shortly to be released. I shall never forget how neatly my mother packaged my lunch in stackable, round steel tins, three high with a bell jar clamp.  At the bottom was the largest dish were beans, the next smaller tin was rice, and finally plantain at the top.  However, as with most school age children, there existed a hankering for every and anything, that was not prepared at home. As the tintinnabulous echos faded into the wind, the children burst out of the classroom, dashed across the courtyard, and out into the street beyond.  Normally because of the high incident of pedestrian deaths due to the reckless and fast driving of Nigerian motorists, students were not usually allowed to leave the perimeters of the school grounds. However, this day was the first of the Harmattan season, and cars moved more slowly as drivers tried to navigate and see through windshields increasingly coated with a fine, red dust.

As I stood at the gate, uncertain what to do, some children were coming back with conically wrapped newspaper with contents that looked like roasted seeds.  It looked interesting, but smelled incredible.  I asked a classmate who could speak a little English, what all the fuss was about.  She took me by the hand, and led me across the dusty street to a makeshift stand, where a vendor was scooping termites off the windshields of parked cars, to throw into a heated pounded metal pan.

I was of course horrified when I saw living creatures, blind and writhing, being scooped up, roasted and sold for a few Naira (Nigerian currency). No oil, just writhing bodies crackling and popping, as the vendor skillfully tossed the living layer on top, into the bottom, while at the same time this movement effected the release of their spent wings into the wind to be carried away. Apparently, there are many ways of cooking termites, however in Ile Ife, it was popular to lightly fry the termites in their own fat over a low heat, add a little salt and toss them in the air while cooking to remove their wings; while in Kwara State, Nigeria,the termites are roasted over a fire, sometimes hot coals or fried in a pot. After cooking, the wings are removed and salt is added to taste.

Roasted Termites

It was unbelievable to me that anyone would or could want to eat insects, but as I continued to watch the process, I was mesmerized by the vendor’s fluid and expert hand motions, and found myself salivating at the savory release of the termites’ cooked fragrance.  It was at that point that I took some Naira out of my skirt pocket, and asked the girl to buy me some to eat.  From that day forward, I always yearned for Harmattan season so that I could buy from a roadside vendor, freshly roasted termites.  And had I recalled how much I liked this food, I might have told the rabbis, that what I would miss most, would be hot, fresh roasted termites.

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“She Did Convert (Don’t They All?)”

Goapele-bw_whitetank

Goapele

As an Orthodox Jewish Convert, who arrived at my religious and spiritual home through a singularly unique path, I find comments, such as the one made by “BettyBotox“, so stereotypical.  I am speaking of the recent mayhem surrounding Sunda Croonquist-Zafrin and her blog/comedic routine about her New Jersey Jewish in-laws. This commentary is written neither to defend nor criticize how Sunda Croonquist-Zafrin makes her living.

However, I recently became acquainted with Sunda through the media exposure of the lawsuit brought against her by her in-laws.  She subsequently reached out to thank me for addressing this topic in my blog, and to inform me that she did not convert for marriage. She was a Jew long before she met and married her husband, and now like so many of us; she is balancing her family obligations, a demanding career, her responsibilities as a Jewish woman, as well as the burden that many of us have to carry regarding our faith.

Sunda Croonquist-Zafrin

There are several blogs and groups devoted to the discussion of what it means to be a Jew of Color (JOC) in the United States.  I follow Aliza Hausman’s Memoirs of a Jewminicana, because she is an Orthodox JOC, and I find her perspective on the Orthodox Jewish religious experience more closely aligned to mine. However, as with many issues regarding race, ethnicity, and cultural identity; I consciously choose to embrace my multi-ethnic, multi-national, and multi-religious identity and background; which means that I am cognizant of these concerns, but choose not to be exclusively defined by them.

It is exactly because of my varied experiences, and in particular, my unique history of being born into one religion, forcibly converted into another, and then choosing to be an Orthodox Jew, that I am able to skim along the surface of the cauldron of emotions that entrap most people trying to process, catalogue and pigeon hole the individuals whom they encounter or read about.  I have come to learn that it is less about the individuals being assessed, than the assessor attempting to bring order to their internal landscape by defining how the world should operate.

One of the questions that I often get from Jews and non-Jews alike, is why I would choose to adopt a religious identity whose adherents are often persecuted and reviled, especially since I am a person of color.

Implicit in the question, is the unspoken statement, “isn’t being black hard enough?!”

I am not a religious authority, nor knowledgeable about arcane points of Halachah (the legal part of Talmudic literature, and the interpretation of the laws of the Scriptures) beyond what is required for me to maintain a proper, Kosher Jewish home for myself and my son; and to live correctly within my chosen community of Orthodox Jewry.  With regard to religious matters, I refer to my Orthodox Rabbi, or my mother who is an ordained Baptist minister, or to my knowledge of growing up in Africa as a Muslim.

I am not concerned with the “Jewishness” of other converts i.e. what stream they converted under, or whether they are “real” Jews.  I leave that battle to my Rabbi, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, and the individuals who choose to marry us.  As my best friend Shlomit wisely told me, “you are not a black Jew, a divorced Jew, a woman Jew, you are a JEW!  When you come to recognize yourself as a remarkable human being who happens to be Jewish, then the world will open to you.”

The world is open to all human beings, if we will just embrace ourselves, our unique journeys and stories, and come to terms with the fact that as my mother said, “we are all living on this little, blue marble suspended in space, and for the moment we have no other place to go, so we might as well get up and get along.”

As I continue to blog and write my memoir, this will probably be the last time that I visit this issue in such a direct manner.  However, for those who are interested, I have provided a brief, though not exhaustive list of “African/African-American/Black/Colored” Jews.  I hope that it will encourage my readers to learn more about Judaism, and in the process, promote greater tolerance; because not every Jew converts for marriage.  I certainly did NOT!

Sammy Davis, Jr.

Sammy Davis, Jr.

List of Black Jews [1]

There are a number of traditional Black African communities that practice Judaism, the most prominent of which are the Beta Israel of Ethiopia. Furthermore, the often overlapping histories of Blacks and Jews in the 20th century (e.g. in the Civil Rights Movement and the development of popular music) have led to a significant number of Black Jews in North America and Europe, mostly of mixed-race heritage or converts. Estimates of the American Black Jewish population range from 40,000 (according to the Encyclopedia of Black America) to 500,000 (according to an article in Ascent Magazine).

An interesting perspective of this issue can be read on the Jewish Federation of North America’s website, in an article titled, “Black Jews:  A Minority Within a Minority“.

Click on the link Who is a Jew to read about the determinant factors for who is and who is not considered a Jew.

The following is a list of some prominent Black Jews.

  • Sunda Croonquist-Zafrin , comedian (converted)
  • Goapele, vocalist (Jewish mother)
  • Darrin Bell, cartoonist (Jewish mother)
  • Lisa Bonet, actress (Jewish mother)
  • Nell Carter, actress & singer (converted)
  • Sammy Davis Jr., entertainer (converted)
  • Anthony Ervin, Olympic swimming champion (Jewish mother)
  • La-ka Fatien, jazz singer (Jewish mother)
  • Aneesa Ferreira, reality tv contestant (Jewish mother)
  • Aaron Freeman, journalist & comedian (converted)
  • Lani Guinier, law professor (Jewish mother)
  • Ben Harper, guitarist (Jewish mother) Listen to Music
  • Rashida Jones, actress (Jewish mother)
  • Yaphet Kotto, actor (Jewish mother)
  • Jamaica Kincaid, author (converted)
  • Oona King, British MP (Jewish mother)
  • Julius Lester, children’s writer and academic (converted)
  • James McBride, writer & composer (Jewish mother)
  • Elliott Maddox, baseball player (converted)
  • Walter Mosley, author (Jewish mother)
  • Marvin Pontiac, R&B singer (Jewish mother)
  • Rain Pryor, actress (Jewish mother)
  • Joshua Redman, saxophonist (Jewish mother)
  • Rowetta Satchell, singer (Jewish mother)
  • Khleo Thomas, actor (Jewish mother)
  • Robin Washington, journalist (Jewish mother)
  • Jamila Wideman, basketball player (Jewish mother)
  • Jackie Wilson, soul singer (converted)

Source: The Indological Knowledgebase

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